The Infantry rifle squad and weapons squad employ shoulder-launched munitions (known as SLMs), the Javelin close combat missile system (known as CCMS), and the M3 Multi-role, Antiarmor, Antipersonnel Weapon System (known as MAAWS) to destroy enemy personnel, field fortifications, and to disable enemy vehicles at ranges from 15 to 2,000 meters. They can engage targets in the assault, support by fire, and defensive roles, and are the Infantry platoon’s highest casualty producing organic weapons when used against armored enemy vehicles.
Note. Leaders must employ SLMs (see TM 3-23.25 for safety considerations), the Javelin CCMS, medium (see TC 3-22.37 for safety considerations), and the M3 MAAWS (see TC 3-22.84 for safety considerations) to minimize danger to friendly Soldiers caused by the surface danger zones or backblast danger zones. They must weigh the risk of firing the missile in close proximity to friendly assault forces against the need to suppress or destroy enemy fortifications or vehicles from support by fire or attack by fire positions.
Shoulder-Launched Munitions
D-1. SLMs are used against field fortifications, enemy vehicles, or other similar enemy targets. Infantry Soldiers are issued SLMs as rounds of ammunition in addition to their assigned weapons. SLMs include the M136A1 AT4-CS, M136 AT4; the M72A2/A3 light antitank weapon (known as LAW), improved M72A4/5/6/7 LAW; and M141 bunker defeat munitions (known as BDMs). The M141 BDM, also referred to as the shoulder-launched multipurpose assault weapon disposable. Table D-1 on page D-2 lists select SLM specifications. (See TM 3-23.25 for additional information.)
D-2. All SLMs are lightweight, self-contained, single-shot, disposable weapons consisting of unguided free flight, fin-stabilized, rocket-type cartridges packed in expendable, telescoping launchers (except the M136 AT4/AT4-CS which does not telescope) also serving as storage containers. The only requirement for their care is a visual inspection. SLMs can withstand extreme weather and environmental conditions, including arctic, tropical, and desert climates.
D-3. SLMs increase the lethality and survivability of the Infantryman and provide a direct fire capability to defeat enemy personnel within armored platforms. BDM provides the Soldier a direct fire capability to defeat enemy personnel located within field fortifications, bunkers, caves, masonry structures, and lightly armed vehicles and to suppress enemy personnel in lightly armored vehicles.
D-4. The individual Soldier will use SLM to engage threat combatants at close ranges, across the street or from one building to another. The Soldier may employ SLM as a member of a support by fire element to incapacitate threat forces threatening the assault element. When the assault element clears a building, the leader may reposition the SLM gunner inside to engage a potential counterattack force.
Note. Several numbers in table D-1 are rounded off and might not represent exact numbers.
Table D-1. Shoulder-launched munitions
Table D-1. Shoulder-launched munitions (continued)
M136 AT4/M136A1 AT4-CS
D-5. The M136 AT4 is a lightweight, self-contained, SLM designed for use against the improved armor of light-armored vehicles. It provides lethal fire against light-armored vehicles and has some effect on most enemy field fortifications.
D-6. The M136A1 AT4-CS is similar to the M136 AT4 but uses a different propulsion system. This system enables the M136A1 AT4-CS to be fired from an enclosure.
D-7. The M136 AT4 and M136A1 AT4-CS is a round of ammunition with an integral, rocket-type cartridge. The cartridge consists of a fin assembly with tracer element, a point detonating fuze, and a high explosive antitank (known as HEAT) warhead. (See figures D-1 and D-2 on page D-4.)
Figure D-1. M136 AT4 launcher and high explosive antitank cartridge
Figure D-2. M136A1 AT4-CS launcher and high explosive antitank cartridge
M72-Series Light Antitank Weapon
D-8. The M72-series (M72A3 and M72A7) are lightweight and self-contained SLMs consisting of a rocket packed in a launcher. They are man-portable and may be fired from either shoulder. The launcher, which consists of two tubes, one inside the other, serves as a watertight packing container of the rocket and houses a percussion-type firing mechanism activating the rocket.
D-9. The M72A3 LAW contains a nonadjustable propelling charge and a 66-mm rocket. Every M72A3 has an integral HEAT warhead in the rocket’s head (or body) section. (See figures D-3 and D-4.) Although the M72A3 mainly is employed as an antiarmor weapon, it may be used with limited success against secondary targets such as gun emplacements, pillboxes, buildings, or light vehicles.
Figure D-3. M72A3 light antitank weapon
Figure D-4. M72A3 light antitank weapon 66-millimeter high explosive antiarmor rocket
D-10. The M72A7 is the improved LAW currently employed by the platoon. It is a compact, lightweight, single-shot, disposable weapon optimized to defeat lightly armored vehicles at close combat ranges. (See figure D-5 on page D-6.) The M72A7 offers enhanced capabilities beyond the original M72-series. The improved M72 consists of a 66-mm unguided rocket prepackaged at the factory in a telescoping, throwaway launcher. The system performance improvements include a higher velocity rocket motor extending the weapon effective range, increased lethality warhead, lower and more consistent trigger release force, rifle-type sight system, and better overall system reliability and safety. The weapon contains a 66-mm rocket and an integral HEAT warhead. The warhead is designed to penetrate 150-mm (5.9 inches) of homogenous armor and is optimized for maximum fragmentation behind light armor, Infantry fighting vehicles, and urban walls.
Figure D-5. Improved M72A7 light antitank weapon with rocket
M141 Bunker Defeat Munitions
D-11. The M141 BDM was developed to defeat enemy bunkers and field fortifications. (See figure D-6.) The M141 BDM is a disposable, lightweight, self-contained, man-portable, shoulder fired, HE multipurpose munition.
Figure D-6. M141 bunker defeat munitions
D-12. The M141 BDM utilizes the 83-mm HEDP assault rocket. (See figure D-7.) The 83-mm HEDP assault rocket warhead consists of a dual mode fuze and 2.38 pounds of A-3 explosive.
D-13. Warhead function, in quick or delay mode, is determined automatically by the fuze when the rocket impacts a target. The M141 BDM is fired at hard or soft targets without selection steps required by the gunner. This automatic feature assures the kill mechanism is employed. Warhead detonation is instantaneous when impacting a hard target, such as a brick or concrete wall or an armored vehicle. Impact with a softer target, such as a sandbagged bunker, results in a fuze time delay permitting the rocket to penetrate the target before warhead detonation.
D-14. The M141 BDM can destroy bunkers but is not optimized to kill the enemy soldiers within masonry structures in urban terrain or armored vehicles. The M141 BDM can penetrate masonry walls, but multiple rounds may be necessary to deliver sufficient lethality against enemy personnel behind the walls. The M141 BDM has been used with great success in destroying personnel and equipment in enemy bunkers, field fortifications, and caves in recent operations.
Figure D-7. M141 bunker defeat munition high explosive dual purpose assault rocket
Javelin-Close Combat Missile System
D-15. The Javelin is used primarily to defeat main battle tanks and other armored combat vehicles. (In the current force, the CCMS category of weapons includes the Javelin and tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided. The tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided CCMS, heavy is organic to the Infantry weapons company of the Infantry battalion [see ATP 3-21.20 for information on employment].) The Javelin provides overmatch antitank (AT) fires during the assault and provide extended range capability for engaging armor during both offensive and defensive missions. The system has a moderate capability against bunkers, buildings, and other fortified targets commonly found during combat in urban areas.
Fire-And-Forget Capability
D-16. The Javelin is a fire-and-forget, shoulder-fired man-portable CCMS consisting of a reusable M98A1 (Block 0) and the improved M98A2 (Block 1), command launch unit (known as CLU) and a round. (See figure D-8 on page D-8.) The CLU houses the daysight, night vision sight, controls, and indicators. The round consists of the missile, the launch tube assembly, and battery coolant unit. The launch tube assembly serves as the launch platform and carrying container of the missile. (See TC 3-22.37 for additional information.)
D-17. The Javelin CCMS’s primary role is to destroy enemy armored vehicles out to 2,000 meters with the M98A1 and 2,500 meters with the M98A2. The Javelin can be employed in a secondary role of providing an attack by fire capability against point targets such as bunkers and crew-served weapons positions. In addition, the Javelin CLU can be used alone as an aided vision device for reconnaissance, security operations, and surveillance. The Javelin gunner should be able to engage up to three targets in 2 minutes.
Figure D-8. Javelin close combat missile system
Command Launch Unit
D-18. The M98A1 and M98A2 CLU is the reusable portion of the Javelin system. It contains the controls and indicators. The CLU provides increased utility to the Infantry platoon by allowing accurate surveillance out to 2.5 plus kilometers in both day and night. CLUs have been used to spot and destroy enemy snipers in hidden positions more than 1,000 meters away.
D-19. Tables D-2 through D-4 (on pages D-9 to D-10) list the Javelin’s capabilities. In addition, it features the physical characteristics of the CLU, and physical characteristics of the round.
Table D-2. Javelin capabilities and features
Table D-3. Physical characteristics of the command launch unit
Table D-4. Physical characteristics of the round
Capabilities And Limitations
D-20. The Javelin provides the platoon leader with a unique antiarmor capability. However, the leader must also understand antiarmor limitations in order to employ the system effectively. (See table D-5.)
Table D-5. Javelin capabilities and limitations
Table D-5. Javelin capabilities and limitations (continued)
M3 Multi-Role, Antiarmor, Antipersonnel, Weapon System
D-21. The M3 MAAWS is an 84-mm breach loaded and laterally, percussion fired recoilless rifle. The barrel has an internal steel liner. The liner is made with a laminate of epoxy and carbon fiber. The weapon is recoilless as part of the propellant gases escape rearwards through the venturi, equalizing the recoil force. The normal sight of the weapon is the telescopic sight; with the open sights being an auxiliary means of aiming.
D-22. The M3 MAAWS consists of components, assemblies, subassemblies, and individual parts. Figure D-9 on page D-12 illustrates the major components of the M3 MAAWS. Soldiers must be familiar with the components, assemblies, subassemblies, and individual parts, considerations, and how they interact during operation:
- Components are a uniquely identifiable group of fitted parts, pieces, assemblies, or subassemblies that are required and necessary to perform a distinctive function in the operation of the weapon.
- Components are usually removable as one piece and are considered indivisible for a particular purpose or use.
- Assemblies are a group of subassemblies and parts that are fitted to perform a specific set of functions during operation and cannot be used independently for any other purpose.
- Subassemblies are a group of fitted parts that perform a specific set of functions during operation.
- Subassemblies are compartmentalized to complete a specific task.
- Subassemblies may be grouped with other assemblies, subassemblies, and parts to create a component.
- Parts are the individual items that perform a function when attached to a subassembly, assembly, or component that serves a specific purpose.
Figure D-9. Major components
D-23. The design of the M3 MAAWS allows it to engage lightly armored targets at ranges up to 700 meters, and soft-skinned vehicles and similar targets at ranges up to 1,300 meters. Gunners can fire the M3 MAAWS from standing, kneeling, sitting, or prone positions. A subcaliber adapter 553B is available for realistic live fire training with the M3 MAAWS. Table D-6 list the technical data of the M3 MAAWS.
Table D-6. Equipment technical data
D-24. The primary role of the M3 MAAWS gunner is to engage a target with a well-aimed shot. Consistently hitting a target with precision is a complex interaction of factors immediately before, during, and after firing the round. The interactions include maintaining postural steadiness, establishing and maintaining the proper aim on the target, stabilizing the weapon while pressing the trigger, and adjusting for environmental and battlefield conditions. (See TC 3-22.84 for additional information.)
Employment Considerations
D-25. The platoon’s objective is to concentrate combat power at the right time and place, by massing fires rather than by massing forces, and by presenting the enemy with multiple threats. A lethal mix of the SLMs and Javelin CCMS (or the M3 MAAWS) provide the Infantry rifle platoon with the flexibility to employ multiple systems designed to deliver maximum direct fire lethality and destroy enemy formations in close combat. At close combat ranges (15 to 300 meters), SLMs provide Soldiers with the ability to deliver direct fire lethality at close proximity to the enemy. At close combat extended ranges (maximum effective out to 2,000 meters), a mix of SLMs and Javelin provide the platoon with overwhelming combat overmatch. When the Javelin is replaced with the M3 MAAWS (dependent on the ammunition round selected) the platoon engages enemy personnel, lightly armored targets at ranges up to 700 meters, and soft-skinned vehicles and similar targets at ranges up to 1,300 meters. These weapons serve as vital components by applying overlapping and interlocking fires to achieve synergy and mutual support for maneuver.
Urban Operations And Field Fortifications
D-26. Operations in complex terrain and urban environments alter the basic nature of close combat. History tells us engagements are more frequent and occur more rapidly when engagement ranges are close. Studies and historical analyses have shown only 5 percent of all targets are more than 100 meters away. About 90 percent of all targets are located 50 meters or less from the identifying Soldier. Few personnel targets will be visible beyond 50 meters. Engagements usually occur at 35 meters or less.
D-27. Soldiers employ SLM in the short, direct fire, close-quarter engagement range of close combat. Their use is preferable in urban areas where other direct fire (M1-series Abrams tank and M2-series Bradley fighting vehicle), indirect fire (artillery, mortars), Army aviation attack, and close air support (CAS) are incapable of operating due to risks of fratricide and collateral damage. In close combat, Soldiers employ SLM against a wide variety of targets. These include personnel armed with individual and crew-served weapons fighting from armored platforms (T-72); light armored personnel carriers and Infantry fighting vehicles (BMPs [Boyevaya Mashina Pekhotys], BRDMs [Boyevaya Razvedyvatelnaya Dozornaya Mashina], and BTRs [bronyetransportyor]); modified personnel/Infantry vehicles; lightly armed vehicles; and enemy in fortified positions, behind walls, inside caves and masonry buildings, and within earthen bunkers.
Note. Firing the M136A1 AT4-CS from a confined area requires a room that is a minimum of 12 feet wide and 15 feet long and has a ceiling height of at least 7 feet. (See TM 3-23.25 for additional information on firing from a confined area.)
D-28. Javelin CCMS (or M3 MAAWS) teams provide overwatching AT fires during the attack of a built-up area. They are employed best in areas along major thoroughfares and in upper floors (Javelin only) of buildings or roofs to attain long-range fields of fire. Because the minimum engagement distance limits firing opportunities in the confines of densely built-up areas, the Javelin (or the M3 MAAWS) may not be the weapon of choice in the urban environment. Urban area hazards include fires caused by both friendly and enemy forces may cause target acquisition and lock-on problems, clutter on the battlefield may cause lock-on problems, and line of sight communications limited by structures. The Javelin’s (or the M3 MAAWS’s) unique flight path forces the gunner to think in three dimensions. Other urban environment hazards include overhead obstacles such as street signs, light poles, and wires, which could impede the missile’s flight path.
Notes. The Javelin has a soft launch system, allowing it to be fired safely from inside of a building, provided that the room is at least 7 feet high, 12 feet wide, and 15 feet deep. (See TC 3-22.37 for additional information of firing from enclosures.)
Firing from fighting positions or enclosures is prohibited for the M3 MAAWS. (See TC 3-22.84 for additional information on ammunition firing restrictions.)
Shoulder-Launched Munitions Employment Against Field Fortifications and Buildings
D-29. The current inventory of the M136 AT4 and M141 BDM SLMs provide the platoon with the capability to incapacitate personnel within earth and timber bunkers, masonry buildings, and light armored vehicles. However, neither system (the M136 AT4 or M141 BDM) is fully capable of fire from enclosure. The M136A1 AT4-CS SLM can be fired safely from an enclosure to incapacitate personnel within earth and timber bunkers, masonry buildings, and light armored vehicles.
D-30. The M141 BDM was specifically designed to better enhance the destruction of field fortifications and buildings. (See table D-7.) The M141 BDM contains an HEDP round with a dual-mode fuze that automatically adjusts for the type of target on impact. For soft targets, such as sandbagged bunkers, the M141 BDM warhead automatically adjusts to delayed mode and hits the target with high kinetic energy. This energy propels the warhead through the barrier and into the fortification or building, where the fuze detonates the warhead, causing greater damage.
Table D-7. Effects of the M141 bunker defeat munition on field fortifications or bunkers
Javelin Employment Considerations in Urban Terrain
D-31. Urban employment considerations for Javelin include engagement distance, thermal crossover, backblast, weapon penetration, and breaching structural walls. Details follow:
- Engagement distance. The Javelin missile has a minimum engagement distance (150 meters in the top attack mode and 65 meters in the direct attack mode), which limits its use in built-up areas.
- Crossover. Sometimes the Javelin seeker will not be able to distinguish between the background and target because the two have the same temperature (crossover).
- Time. When a gunner comes across a target of opportunity, the gunner may not be able to take advantage of it. The cooldown time of the Javelin’s night vision sight is 2.5 to 3.5 minutes. Javelin seeker cooldown takes about 10 seconds. Once the battery coolant unit is activated, the gunner has a maximum of 4 minutes to engage the target before the battery coolant unit is depleted.
- Backblast. The soft launch capability of the Javelin enables the gunner to fire from inside buildings because there is little overpressure or flying debris.
- Weapon penetration. The dual-charge Javelin warhead penetrates typical urban targets. The direct attack mode is selected when engaging targets in a building. Enemy positions or bunkers in the open closer than 150 meters are engaged using the direct attack mode. Positions in the open farther than 150 meters are engaged using either the top or direct attack mode, depending on the situation.
- Breaching structural walls. The Javelin is not effective when breaching structural walls. AT guided missiles are not designed to breach structural walls. All Javelin is designed to produce a small hole, penetrate armor, and deliver the explosive charge. Breaching calls for the creation of a large hole. Javelins are better used against armored vehicles or the destruction of enemy-fortified fighting positions.
M3 Multi-Role, Antiarmor, Antipersonnel, Weapon System, Ammunition Safety Precautions
D-32. Leaders and Soldiers must be familiar with the safety precautions during training and combat operations for the M3 MAAWS. The two basic safety rules to keep in mind when operating the M3 is to always wear double hearing protection and to always ensure the backblast area is clear. Firing teams will be observant of all safe separation and surface safety distances. Failure to comply with this warning could result in injury or death to personnel. Table D-8 details the ammunition safe separation and fuze arming distances.
Table D-8. Ammunition safe separation and fuze arming distances
Note. The reduced sensitivity (known as RS) of the bursting charge; for example, withstands outer heat better than the Octol charge in the standard round. See operator’s manual (TM 9-1015-262-10) for additional information.
D-33. Due to excessive noise and blast over pressurization that occurs when firing the M3, the gunner and assistant gunner may only fire a limited number of rounds during training and combat. Table D-9 on page D-18 details the ammunition firing restrictions (rounds) by ammunition type and firing position. The table provides the maximum amount of rounds the gunner and assistant gunner can fire in a 24-hour period. Each type of ammunition and firing position have a point value assigned. The gunner and assistant gunner cannot exceed a total of 6 points within a 24-hour period regardless of the firing position or ammunition type. Leaders must use the ammunition type and firing position information to determine the maximum number of rounds that can be fired. For example, if the Soldier fired 3 rounds of HEDP 502 RS from the standing, kneeling, and prone positions (1 round from each position), the total point value would be 5. The Soldier may now only fire an additional round from the standing or kneeling position to ensure the 6-point rule is not exceeded.
Note. Ammunition firing restrictions for ammunition type and firing position apply to both gunner and assistant gunner over a 24-hour period. Failure to comply with this warning could result in injury or death to personnel. Seek immediate medical attention if injury occurs. Double hearing protection is required. Failure to wear double hearing protection when firing the M3 will cause permanent hearing loss. Failure to comply with this warning could result in injury or death to personnel. Seek immediate medical attention if injury occurs.
Table D-9. Ammunition firing restrictions (rounds)
Exploiting Armored Vehicle Weaknesses
D-34. Because they are designed mainly for offense against other armored vehicles (see figure D-10), armored vehicles usually have their heaviest armor in front. All vehicles are vulnerable to repeated hits on their flanks and rear, though the flank offers the largest possible target. (See TC 3-20.31-4.) Shooters always should aim center of mass to increase the probability of a hit. The older the vehicle model, the less protection it has against SLM and Javelins. Newer versions of older vehicle models may use bolt-on (appliqué) armor to improve their survivability. Reactive armor usually covers the forward-facing portions and sides of the vehicle and can defeat shaped-charge weapons such as the SLM. When reactive armor detonates, it disperses metal fragments to 200 meters. SLM cause only a small entry hole in an armored vehicle target, though some fragmentation or spall may occur.
Figure D-10. Armored vehicle weak points
D-35. Natural or man-made obstacles can be used to force the armored vehicle to slow, stop, or change direction. This pause enables the shooter to achieve a first-round hit. If the gunner does not achieve a catastrophic kill on the first round, the gunner or another shooter must be ready to engage the target vehicle immediately with another round.
D-36. The gray area in figure D-11 shows the most favorable direction of attack when the turret is facing to the front. The white area shows the vehicle’s principal direction of fire (known as PDF) and observation when the turret is facing to the front. Volley fires can degrade the additional protection appliqué and reactive armors provide to the target vehicle greatly.
Figure D-11. Limited visibility of armored vehicles
D-37. Armored vehicle kills are classified according to the level of damage achieved. (See table D-10.)
Table D-10. Armored vehicle kills
Antiarmor Role (Shoulder-Launched Munitions)
D-38. When Soldiers employ the M136 AT4, M136A1 AT4-CS, and M72-series LAW to defeat threat armored vehicles, it requires Soldiers to engage threat vehicles using single or paired shots. Gunners require positions allowing engagement against the flank or rear of the target vehicles. Gunners prepare standard range cards (Individual Task 071-317-0000 [Prepare an Antiarmor Range Card] outlines the process in preparing an antiarmor range card) for the SLM’s primary position. If time permits, gunners also prepare standard range cards for the SLM’s alternate and supplementary positions. They must seek covered and concealed positions from where targets can be engaged. TheM136A1 AT4-CS is the only SLM that can be fired safely from within an enclosure because of its countermass propulsion system. TM 3-23.25 advises firing the M136 AT4 and M141 BDM from an enclosure under combat conditions only when no other tactical option exists due to the risk of both auditory and nonauditory injury.
Shoulder-Launched Munitions Warhead Effects on Armor
D-39. SLM warheads have excellent armor penetration ability and lethal after-armor effects (especially the M136 AT4, M136A1 AT4-CS, and M72A7). The extremely destructive shaped-charge explosives can penetrate more than 14 inches (35.6 centimeters) of rolled homogeneous armor. Types of warhead armor effects follow and are illustrated in figure D-12:
- Impact. The nosecone crushes: the impact sensor activates the fuze.
- Ignition. The fuze element activates the electric detonator. The booster detonates, initiating the main charge.
- Penetration. The main charge fires and forces the warhead body liner into a directional gas jet-penetrating armor plate.
- Spalling (after-armor effects). The projectile fragments and incendiary effects produce blinding light and highly destructive results.
Figure D-12. Effects of shoulder-launched munition warheads on armor targets
Employment Against of Other Vehicles
D-40. The M72-series LAW proves more effective against light-armored vehicles. The M136 AT4 proves more effective against armored vehicles. Nonarmored vehicles such as trucks, cars, and boats are considered soft targets. Firing along their length offers the greatest chance of a kill, because this type of shot is most likely to hit their engine block or fuel tank. Effects of different munitions on vehicle types are listed in table D-11.
Table D-11. Effects of different munitions on vehicle types
Table D-11. Effects of different munitions on vehicle types (continued)
Methods of Employment
D-41. The four employment methods for SLM include single, sequence, pair, and volley firing. The leader evaluates the situation on the ground to determine which of these methods to use. Regardless of whether they are used singly or in combination, communications are needed as well. The methods of employment are rehearsed in accordance with the unit SOP.
Single Firing
D-42. A single Soldier with one SLM may engage an armored vehicle, but this is not the preferred method of employment. Several SLM normally are required to kill an armored vehicle. A single gunner firing one round must hit a vital part of the target in order to do damage. (See figure D-13.) A single shooter can engage targets out to 225 meters with the LAW, or 300 meters with the M136 AT4 (when the actual range is known).
Figure D-13. Shoulder-launched munitions single firing
Sequence Firing
D-43. A single shooter is employed, equipped with two or more SLMs prepared for firing, to engage a target. After engaging with the first round and observing the impact, the shooter adjusts the point of aim. The shooter then engages with another round until the target is destroy or all rounds are expended. (See figure D-14.)
Figure D-14. Shoulder-launched munitions sequence firing
Pair Firing
D-44. Two or more shooters, equipped with two or more SLMs prepared for firing, are employed to engage a single target. Before firing, the first shooter informs the others of the estimated speed and distance to the target. If the impact of the first shooter’s round proves to be correct, the other shooters engage the target until it is destroyed. If the impact of the first shooter’s round proves to be incorrect, the second shooter informs the others shooter of the estimate and engages the target. This continues until the target is destroyed or all rounds are expended. (See figure D-15).
Figure D-15. Shoulder-launched munitions pair firing
Volley Firing
D-45. Volley firing involves two or more firers employed against a single target (when the range is known) at the same time on a prearranged signal (such as a command, whistle, mine, or TRP). Volley firing can be the most effective means of employment, as it places the most possible rounds on one target at one time, increasing the possibility of a kill. (See figure D-16.)
Figure D-16. Shoulder-launched munitions volley firing
Antiarmor Role (Javelin-Close Combat Missile System)
D-46. The platoon conducts an antiarmor ambush (see paragraphs 7-176 to 7-182 for additional information) to destroy small groups of armored vehicles, force the enemy to move slowly and cautiously, or force the enemy into a choke point. The Javelin’s 2,000-meter range allows flexibility in choosing ambush positions. Leaders must understand with the Javelin’s slow rate of fire, while the Javelin gunners attach the CLU to new rounds, other weapon systems must be prepared to engage the vehicle(s). In addition to fires into the kill zones (see figure 7-20 on page 7-53), the Javelin can be employed in a security role to guard high-speed avenues of approach, to slow or stop enemy reinforcements, or to destroy vehicles attempting to flee the kill zone.
D-47. In the offense, the Javelin CCMS contributes by providing long-range fires to destroy enemy armor and by protecting the platoon from armored counterattacks. In the absence of armored targets, the Javelin can engage enemy fortifications and hovering helicopters. Javelins are normally used in a support by fire or an attack by fire role during the offense. The primary consideration for such employment is the availability of appropriate fields of fire and armored threat. Javelin teams can protect flanks against armored threats and can provide overwatch for the platoon’s movement. In the offense, once the objective is secured, leaders must rapidly position Javelin CCMS and other available SLM to defend against enemy counterattack.
D-48. During the defense, the platoon leader considers the enemy armor threat, then positions antiarmor weapons accordingly to cover armor avenues of approach. The leader considers the fields of fire, tracking time, and minimum engagement distance of each weapon and selects a primary position and sector of fire for each antiarmor weapon. The leader then picks alternate and supplementary positions for each system. Each position should allow flank fire and have cover and concealment. The leader integrates the CLU into the platoon’s limited visibility security and observation plan.
D-49. The platoon leader selects Javelin fighting positions and assigns their sectors of fire. Considering the fundamentals of antiarmor employment will improve the team’s survivability greatly in the defense. The weapons squad leader and the Javelin team coordinate with adjacent units to ensure security. The Javelin’s maximum effective engagement range (direct attack and top attack modes): 2,000 meters for the M98A1 and 2,500 meters for the M98A2 makes it difficult for the enemy to engage the team with direct fire, which forces the enemy to deploy earlier than intended. The gunner prepares a standard range card (TC 3-22.37 outlines the process for preparing the standard range card for the Javelin) for the system’s primary position. If time permits, the gunner also prepares standard range cards for the system’s alternate and supplementary positions. (See table D-12 for Javelin team duties and responsibilities.)
Note. The duties and responsibilities stated in table D-12 also applied when the M3 MAAWS is used in place of the Javelin.
Table D-12. Javelin team duties and responsibilities
D-50. Reserve forces armed with the Javelin (and to a lesser degree SLMs) may be employed to assist counterattacks to regain essential positions. They are used to block enemy penetrations, to meet unexpected enemy thrusts, and to provide support by fire to endangered friendly units during disengagements and withdrawals. In the event defensive positions are in danger of being overrun by enemy armored vehicles, they may be used against armored vehicles and lightly armored vehicles posing an immediate threat. The maximum range provides the platoon leader with greater flexibility in positioning each round and provides a means of achieving overlapping sectors of fire for increased survivability.
Antipersonnel And Antiarmor Role (M3 Multi-Role, Antiarmor, Antipersonnel Weapon System)
D-51. The primary role of the M3 MAAWS gunner is to engage a target with a well-aimed shot. Consistently hitting a target with precision is a complex interaction of factors immediately before, during, and after firing the round. The interactions include maintaining postural steadiness, establishing and maintaining the proper aim on the target, stabilizing the weapon while pressing the trigger, and adjusting for environmental and battlefield conditions. (See TC 3-22.84 for additional information.)
Shot Process
D-52. The shot process is the basic outline of an individual engagement sequence all firers consider during an engagement, regardless of the weapon employed. The shot process formulates all decisions, calculations, and actions that lead to taking the shot. Soldiers may interrupt the shot process at any point before the trigger sear disengages and fires the weapon should the situation change. The shot process has three distinct phases: pre-shot, shot, and post-shot.
D-53. Soldiers must understand and correctly apply the shot process to achieve consistent, accurate, well-aimed shots. The sequence of the shot process does not change; however, the application of each element varies based on the conditions of the engagement. Every shot that the Soldier fires has a complete shot process. The shot process allows the Soldier to focus on one cognitive task at a time. The Soldier must maintain the ability to mentally organize the shot process’s tasks and actions into a disciplined mental checklist, and focus their attention on activities, which produce the desired outcome—a well-aimed shot.
Types of Ammunition
D-54. Ammunition for use in the M3 MAAWS is described as a cartridge. A cartridge is an assembly consisting of a cartridge case, a percussion cap, a quantity of propellant, a projectile, and a base plate. The following terminology describes the general components (see figure D-17 on page D-28) of an M3 MAAWS round:
- Cartridge case. The cartridge case is made of light alloy that holds the other components of the cartridge.
- Propellant. The propellant (or powder) provides the energy to propel the projectile through the barrel and downrange towards a target through combustion.
- Percussion cap. The percussion cap is a small explosive charge that provides an ignition source for the propellant.
- Projectile. The projectile is the component that travels to the target.
- Base plate. The rear portion of the cartridge. Upon firing, the case base and seal assembly provide rear obturation.
Figure D-17. General components of a cartridge
84-millimeter High Explosive 441D Reduced Sensitivity Cartridge
D-55. The 84-mm HE 441D RS round is intended for use against troops in the open, behind cover, or in trenches as well as soft-skinned transport vehicles, and similar types of targets. The cartridge is subject to firing limitations. See table D-8 on page D-17 and table D-9 on page D-18 or the operator’s manual (TM 9-1015-262-10) for information on firing considerations and the maximum allowable quantity of cartridges that may be fired per Soldier per 24-hour period. Additional firing considerations include:
- Do not engage targets closer than 250 meters (820 feet).
- Use extreme caution when firing within 300 meters (984 feet) of friendly troops.
- Teams shall be trained not to engage targets closer than minimum engagement distance because fragmentation may cause injury or death.
- Teams shall use extreme caution when firing within these distances of adjacent personnel or friendly troops.
- Distances are measured from intended target or point of detonation.
84-millimeter Area Deterrent Munition 401 (Variants) Cartridge
D-56. The 84-mm area deterrent munition 401 is intended for area protection; used as an antipersonnel munition for close in protection in tight conditions of jungle or urban warfare. The area deterrent munition 401 round will spread approximately 1,100 flechettes against the target area. At a distance of 100 meters and a target of (h x w) 2 x7 meters divided into 14 square meters, at least 10 of the squares will be fully penetrated. The 84-mm, area deterrent munition 401B round contains approximately 300 ball bearings with an effective range of 200 meters. Both cartridges are subject to firing limitations. See table D-8 on page D-17 and table D-9 on page D-18 or the operator’s manual (TM 9-1015-262-10) for information on the maximum allowable quantity of cartridges that may be fired per Soldier per 24-hour period. Additional firing considerations include:
- Do not engage targets closer than 150 meters (492 feet).
- Use extreme caution when firing within 330 meters (1,083 feet) of friendly troops.
- Distances are measured from intended target or point of detonation.
84-millimeter High Explosive Dual Purpose 502 Reduced Sensitivity Cartridge
D-57. The 84-mm HEDP 502 RS is a high explosive (HE), dual purpose round for use against armored personnel carriers and field fortifications. The round has an impact (I) mode and a delay (D) mode. The impact mode provides HEAT capability against armored personnel carriers and reinforced concrete walls. The delay mode provides delay burst capability to achieve maximum lethality against armored vehicles and delay action for bursting inside field fortifications and buildings. The cartridge is subject to firing limitations. See table D-8 on page D-17 and table D-9 on page D-18 or the operator’s manual (TM 9-1015-262-10) for information on firing considerations and the maximum allowable quantity of cartridges that may be fired per Soldier per 24-hour period. Additional firing considerations include:
- Do not engage targets closer than 183 meters (600 feet).
- Use extreme caution when firing with 330 meters (1,083 feet) of friendly troops.
- Teams shall be trained not to engage targets closer than safe separation distance because fragmentation may cause injury or death.
- Teams shall use extreme caution when firing within these distances of adjacent personnel and friendly troops.
- Distances are measured from intended target or point of detonation.
84-millimeter High Explosive Antitank 551 Reduced Sensitivity Cartridge
D-58. The 84-mm HEAT 551 RS round is intended for use against all types of armored fighting vehicles with armor less than 16 inches thick including those fitted with protective devices such as skirting plates, grids, and other devices. It is also effective against concrete bunkers, landing craft, and similar hard targets. In addition to its great penetrating power, the fragments of the projectile body have a high lethal effect on personnel near the target. The design of the fuze system makes it possible to fire the projectile through brush and scrub without the projectile initiating. The cartridge is subject to firing limitations. See table D-8 on page D-17 and table D-9 on page D-18 or the operator’s manual (TM 9-1015-262-10) for information on firing considerations and the maximum allowable quantity of cartridges that may be fired per Soldier per 24-hour period. Additional firing considerations include:
- Do not engage targets closer than 85 meters (279 feet).
- Use extreme caution when firing within 85 meters (984 feet) of friendly troops.
- Teams shall be trained not to engage targets closer than minimum engagement distance because fragmentation may cause injury or death.
- Teams shall use extreme caution when firing within these distances of adjacent personnel or friendly troops.
- Distances are measured from intended target or point of detonation.
84-millimeter Antistructure Munition 509 Cartridge
D-59. The 84-mm antistructure munition 509 is an antistructure munition that provides a defeat capability against masonry walls, parapets made of bricks and light concrete, and light armored vehicles. The fuze system has an impact (I) mode and a delay (D) mode. The impact mode defeats masonry walls and light, armored vehicles. The delay mode defeats enemy inside structures and field fortifications as well as any enemy behind masonry walls when they are close to the impact point. The cartridge is subject to firing limitations. See table D-8 on page D-17 and table D-9 on page D-18 or the operator’s manual (TM 9-1015-262-10) for information on firing considerations and the maximum allowable quantity of cartridges that may be fired per Soldier per 24-hour period. Additional firing considerations include:
- Do not engage targets closer than 12 meters (39 feet).
- Use extreme caution when firing with 180 meters (591 feet) of friendly troops.
- Teams shall be trained not to engage targets closer than safe separation distance because fragmentation may cause injury of death.
- Teams shall use extreme caution when firing within these distances of adjacent personnel and friendly troops.
- Distances are measured from intended target or point of detonation.
84-millimeter Illuminator 545C Cartridge
D-60. The 84-mm illuminator 545C is designed to meet the requirement for a very quick illumination of target areas, offering facilities for all types of direct firing weapons and guided antitank weapons to engage armored fighting vehicles including support and other weapons. The illuminator 545C round is also intended to facilitate for the subunits of a battalion to supply their own illumination of a battlefield, even continuously, when required. The cartridge is subject to firing limitations. See table D-8 on page D-17 and table D-9 on page D-18 or the operator’s manual (TM 9-1015-262-10) for information on firing considerations and the maximum allowable quantity of cartridges that may be fired per Soldier per 24-hour period. Teams must train not to engage targets closer than 150 meters when firing illumination rounds in impact mode. Firing the illuminator 545C from the prone position is limited to a horizontal firing elevation (0 degrees). Failure to comply with this warning could result in injury or death to personnel. Seek immediate medical attention if injury occurs.
84-millimeter Multi-target 756 Cartridge
D-61. The 84-mm multi-target 756 is intended mainly for combat in urban areas and is therefore, a wall piercing round. The projectile is provided with a tandem warhead, which gives good effect in different types of targets as 8 inches reinforced concrete walls, 12 inches triple brick walls and earth and timber bunker. The tandem warhead consists of precursor and follow-through-charge. When hitting the wall, the precursor detonates and creates a hole in the wall. The follow-through charge passes through the hole, detonating behind the wall distributing steel fragments and creating a blast effect. The cartridge is subject to firing limitations. See the operator’s manual (TM 9-1015-262-10) for information on firing considerations and the maximum allowable quantity of cartridges that may be fired per Soldier per 24-hour period. Additional firing considerations include:
- Do not engage targets closer than 77 meters (252 feet).
- Use extreme caution when firing within 115 meters (377 feet) of friendly troops.
- Teams shall be trained not to engage targets closer than safe separation distance because fragmentation may cause injury of death.
- Teams shall use extreme caution when firing within these distances of adjacent personnel/friendly troops.
- Distances are measured from intended target or point of detonation.
84-millimeter Smoke 469C Cartridge
D-62. The 84-mm smoke 469C is intended for tactical use on the battlefield to obscure direct-fire weapons such as supporting tanks, self-propelled artillery, armored fighting vehicles, machine guns, and so forth. On impact, a smoke screen with a 10- to 15-meter width and with good screening effect is instantly obtained. Using this round enables the subunit to lay a smoke screen rapidly when required. Use this round in the combat situations, to include blinding, launch round directly at target; screening, between enemy and friendly position; and marking, show position of target to artillery or CAS. The cartridge is subject to firing limitations. See table D-8 on page D-17 and table D-9 on page D-18 or the operator’s manual (TM 9-1015-262-10) for information on firing considerations and the maximum allowable quantity of cartridges that may be fired per Soldier per 24-hour period.
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